The problem
What does a throughput target mean when the device changes frequency under power or thermal pressure?
What current research shows
GPU performance depends on execution configuration, memory behavior, and the device's available operating point. Power and thermal controls can change clocks and therefore change the time required for the same work.
Where the evidence stops
The magnitude and direction of the effect are hardware- and workload-specific. A short run can miss thermal steady state.
What Valen Systems is testing
Report work, clock behavior, temperature, power, and time over a sustained run rather than treating peak throughput as a constant.